{"id":3365,"date":"2024-04-03T16:41:45","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T09:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/?p=3365"},"modified":"2024-04-03T16:56:08","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T09:56:08","slug":"role-pigeon-direct-infection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/en\/role-pigeon-direct-infection\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding the different roles of the pigeons\u00a0from direct infection observation"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_a635b5-75\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/en\/\">MoZWE<\/a>\u2019s experience with direct surveys has highlighted the importance of monitoring diseases in pigeons (<em>Columba livia<\/em>) due to their proximity to humans, particularly in urban areas. Pigeons and humans share similar environments, which raises concerns about the transmission of zoonotic diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_353db4-39\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_353db4-39\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_353db4-39\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3365_353db4-39 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_353db4-39\">An active survey of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and bacterial&nbsp;<em>Chlamydia psittaci<\/em>&nbsp;zoonosis was undergone in Bangkok urbanization [<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1995-7645(14)60195-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>]. The AIV survey revealed that almost all results were free from AIV infection, except the H9 subtype showed evidence of exposure (6.9%: 32 out of 485 pigeons) by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. This result reflects that these pigeons were not a potential species in AIV infection, although it is possibly a slightly natural infection from reservoir- or\/and susceptible host [<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>]. This probability of AIV natural infection in the pigeon served as a \u201cbridge species\u201d (Figure 1 &#8211; I). Moreover, the bacterial&nbsp;<em>Chlamydia&nbsp;<\/em>zoonotic disease survey interestingly found 10% (44 out of 407 pigeons) by molecular method. Most positive samples shown molecularly match with&nbsp;<em>C. psittaci<\/em>&nbsp;infection in asymptomatic pigeons [<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1995-7645(14)60195-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>]. This finding possibly indicates the role of this pigeon as a \u201creservoir host\u201d (Figure 1 &#8211; II) of this bacterial zoonotic disease. Thus, monitoring disease in pigeons should be implemented to control the disease. However, the colonization behavior of pigeons supports the transmission of the pathogen, although it was in open areas as well as paddy fields\u2014likewise, infection of&nbsp;<em>Haemoproteus columbae<\/em>, a blood parasite in this pigeon. The first study in Thailand, based on a survey&nbsp;<em>of H. columbae<\/em>&nbsp;infection, found 27.6% (24\/87 pigeon infection) [<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.04.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>]. This site showed a lower prevalence of infection than pigeons in urban areas, with almost 100% infection. This high infection found in asymptomatic pigeons reveals the role of the pigeons as a \u201cspecific host\u201d (Figure 1 &#8211; III) of&nbsp;<em>H. columbae<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image3365_77d7c2-16 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image3365_77d7c2-16 size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/FS-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-3366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/FS-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/FS-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/FS-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/FS-1.jpg 1301w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 1 Pigeons carrying different pathogens with different degrees of transmission and pathogenicity show the role of different host (H).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_67a8c9-f9\">Therefore, pigeons play a different role as the \u201c<strong>host<\/strong>\u201d (Figure 1 &#8211; H) that depends on the pathogen\u2019s interest. Furthermore, the role of the pigeon was important in determining disease management.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3365_0bac47-f0 .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3365_0bac47-f0 .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-3365_0bac47-f0\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_c504c4-5c\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prompiram P, Sariya L, Poltep K, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Overview of avian influenza virus in urban feral pigeons in Bangkok, Thailand<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis<\/em>. 2022;84:101784. doi:10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101784<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sariya L, Prompiram P, Tangsudjai S, Poltep K, Chamsai T, Mongkolphan C, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1995-7645(14)60195-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Detection and characterization of <em>Chlamydophila psittaci<\/em> in asymptomatic feral pigeons (<em>Columba livia domestica<\/em>) in central Thailand.<\/a> Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2015;8(2):94\u20137. doi:10.1016\/s1995-7645(14)60195-4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u200cPrompiram P, Mongkolphan C, Poltep K, Chunchob S, Sontigun N, Chareonviriyaphap T. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.04.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Baseline study of the morphological and genetic characteristics of Haemoproteus parasites in wild pigeons (<em>Columba livia<\/em>) from paddy fields in Thailand.<\/a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 2023;21:153\u20139. doi:10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.04.003<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc\"]{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-sm, 0.9rem);font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3365_ee2889-fc\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@artbyhybrid?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">Madison Oren<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/flock-of-pigeons-hcj90TOBW58?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">Unsplash<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MoZWE\u2019s experience with direct surveys has highlighted  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3367,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-disease-surveillance-en"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/madison-oren-hcj90TOBW58-unsplash.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3365","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3365"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3369,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3365\/revisions\/3369"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3367"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/mozwe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}