{"id":452,"date":"2024-04-24T10:32:11","date_gmt":"2024-04-24T03:32:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/?p=452"},"modified":"2024-05-24T00:57:57","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T17:57:57","slug":"lsd-wild-ruminant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/en\/lsd-wild-ruminant\/","title":{"rendered":"Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in wild ruminant &#8211; The emerging transboundary disease from domestic animals to wildlife"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6\"]{text-align:left;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h1 class=\"kt-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_c9cf12-b6\">Lumpy skin disease: LSD<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etiology and epidemiology&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lumpy skin disease (LSD), attributed to the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), pertains to the Poxviridae family, subfamily Chordopoxviridae, and genus <em>Capripoxvirus<\/em>. LSD predominantly manifests in <em>Bos taurus<\/em> cattle, which are generally more susceptible to displaying clinical symptoms compared to <em>Bos indicus<\/em> and Asian buffalo (<em>Bubalus<\/em> spp.). The disease is associated with morbidity rates ranging from 10% to 20% and mortality rates ranging from 1% to 5%.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The emergence of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) traces back to African countries, with its initial documented occurrence recorded in Zambia in 1929. Subsequently, the disease spread to the Middle East and southeastern Europe in 2005. Its introduction to Asia transpired in 2019, with confirmed cases reported in Bangladesh, China, and India, further extending to Southeast Asia. Specifically, LSD was reported in Vietnam in October 2020, followed by Myanmar in November 2020, Thailand in April 2021, Laos PDR in May 2021, Malaysia in June 2021, and March 2022 in Sumatra and Singapore, respectively.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical signs and Transmission<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The clinical signs associated with LSD comprise fever, nasal discharge, extensive skin nodules distributed across the body surface, accompanied by mucous membrane and internal organ involvement, emaciation, lymphadenopathy, skin edema, mastitis, poor milk production, orchitis, instances of abortion, and sporadic fatalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LSDV exhibits prolonged viability in the environment, particularly in dried scabs, at ambient temperatures. The primary sources of infection are attributed to skin lesions, as the virus persists within these lesions or scabs for extended durations. Additionally, the virus is excreted through various bodily fluids, including blood, nasal and lacrimal secretions, saliva, semen, and milk, thereby facilitating transmission, notably to suckling calves. Furthermore, LSDV is also disseminated through arthropods, notably blood-feeding vectors, which encompass mosquitoes, stable flies, and ticks. The viral dissemination can occur over short distances, spanning a few kilometers, and may extend across longer distances owing to unrestricted animal mobility across international borders.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_d98387-84\"]{text-align:left;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_d98387-84\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_d98387-84\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h1 class=\"kt-adv-heading452_d98387-84 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_d98387-84\">Lumpy skin disease in Wild Ruminant<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The study of LSD in wild ruminants&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data pertaining to the susceptibility of wild ruminants to Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and their potential role as reservoirs of the virus are available. Instances of LSD and antibodies against LSDV have been documented in various wild bovines and antelope species. However, a study conducted in 1982 reported clinical manifestations of LSD in impala and giraffe following viral inoculation, with a notable increase in serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies observed in impala prior to mortality. Given that numerous African countries south of the Sahara Desert support substantial populations of free-living wild animals alongside domestic species, their potential involvement in the perpetuation and dissemination of LSD warrants consideration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1992, the initial documentation of LSD was noted in a captive female Arabian oryx (<em>Oryx leucoryx<\/em>) at the National Wildlife Research Center in Taif, Saudi Arabia, exhibiting clinical symptoms indicative of LSD infection during the 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The investigation into antibodies against LSDV, obtained from freely roaming wildlife in South Africa during the period spanning 1993 to 1995, revealed positivity in the serum samples of Southern eland (<em>Taurotragus oryx<\/em>), Springbok (<em>Antidorcas marsupialis<\/em>), Impala (<em>Aepyceros melampus<\/em>), and Wildebeest (<em>Connachaetes gnou<\/em>, <em>C. taurinus<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Namibia, a study was conducted wherein PCR analysis was performed to detect the presence of LSDV DNA in oral swabs obtained from 40 wild ruminant specimens collected in 2019. Remarkably, one sample obtained from an asymptomatic eland (<em>T. oryx<\/em>) yielded a positive result, thereby constituting the initial documentation of LSDV DNA presence in eland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study conducted in 2021 regarding fatal cases of giraffes exhibiting clinical signs of LSD in a Vietnamese zoo, the successful detection and isolation of the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) genome from skin nodule biopsies and swab samples, and the findings of phylogenetic analysis showing genetic relatedness to previously identified LSDV strains from cattle in Vietnam and China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">LSD affected wildlife in Thailand&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the emergence of LSD in Thailand in April 2021, there have been several reports of LSD cases in wild ruminants submitted to the WOAH. Specifically, two mainland serows (<em>Capricornis sumatraensis)<\/em> in Chonburi province, one in Sriracha and another in Ban Bung district, tested positive for LSDV. Additionally, within the Hui Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in Uthai Thani province, two bantengs (<em>Bos javanicus<\/em>) were discovered deceased, exhibiting skin lesions consistent with LSD, and subsequently tested positive for LSDV. A further case of LSD was observed in a deceased banteng in Tha Ta Kieb, Chachoengsao province. Moreover, LSD has impacted gaur (<em>Bos gaurus<\/em>) populations, with three documented cases in Kui Buri National Park, Prachuap Khiri Khan province, and one fatality recorded in Nakhon Ratchasima province. The transmission of LSD among wild ruminants is believed to be facilitated by the shared feeding grounds with domesticated cattle, which are introduced by cattle farmers. This suggests a potential spillover of the disease from domesticated to wild species within these shared habitats.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image452_ad2a39-2e .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image452_ad2a39-2e size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1.jpg?resize=750%2C500&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1365&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-1-scaled.jpg?w=2250&amp;ssl=1 2250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-452_fdbce3-8e .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-452_fdbce3-8e .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-452_fdbce3-8e\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_024600-85\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_024600-85\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading452_024600-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_024600-85\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading452_024600-85 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading452_024600-85\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arjkumpa O, Suwannaboon M, Boonrod M, Punyawan I, Liangchaisiri S, Laobannue P, et al. The First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Thailand (2021): Epidemiological Features and Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Front Vet Sci. 2022;8:799065.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet M-F, Saegerman C. Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway. Viruses 2023;15:1622.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Barnard B J. Antibodies against some viruses of domestic animals in southern African wild animals. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1997;64:95\u2013110.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dao T D, Tran L H, Nguyen H D, Hoang T T, Nguyen G H, Tran K V D, Nguyen H X, Van Dong H, Bui A N, Bui V N. Characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus isolated from a giraffe in Vietnam. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022;69:e3268\u2013e3272.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Das M, Chowdhury M, Akter S, Mondal A, Uddin M, Rahman M, et al. An updated review on lumpy skin disease: a perspective of Southeast Asian countries. J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther. 2021;4:322.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greth A, Gourreau JM, Vassart M, Nguyen-Ba-Vy, Wyers M, Lefevre PC. Capripoxvirus Disease in an Arabian Oryx (<em>Oryx leucoryx<\/em>) from Saudi Arabia. J Wildl Dis.1992;28:295\u2013300.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hedger RS, Hamblin C. Neutralising antibodies to lumpy skin disease virus in African wildlife. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis.1983;6:209\u2013213.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molini U, Boshoff E, Niel A P, Phillips J, Khaiseb S, Settypalli T B K, Dundon W G, Cattoli G, Lamien C E Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in an Asymptomatic Eland (<em>Taurotragus oryx<\/em>) in Namibia. J Wildl Dis.2021.57:708\u2013711<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Namazi F, Khodakaram Tafti A. Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review. Vet Med Sci. 2021;7:888\u201396.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuppurainen ESM, Oura CAL. Review: Lumpy Skin Disease: An Emerging Threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2011;59:40\u20138.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Organisation for Animal Health. WAHIS (World Animal Health Information System). [Internet]. 2024 [cited 14 Mar 2024]. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/\">https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The emerging transboundary disease from domestic animals to wildlife<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":483,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[22],"tags":[48,50,52],"class_list":["post-452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-factsheets-en","tag-lsd","tag-lumpy-skin-disease-en","tag-ruminant-en"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Gaur-2-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1707&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=452"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":584,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/452\/revisions\/584"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vs.mahidol.ac.th\/thailand-nwhc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}